Fletcher-Munson curves compensation?

Sony TX-142 - kjigmond - on YouTube
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=y-AoX0IAtCM#fauxfullscreen


May not be a fair example as there is wow and flutter and echo.

Hello to Germany

FET head amplifiers may run at 100μA

At your risk. Always use a suitable fuse in series with a battery for safety.


Output currents of the order of microamperes seem fine as the signals involved from connecting a microphone to the first active amplifying stage, front end, may be very small.


IF the signal gets high it's all the better as the first stage if it is an electron tube would somewhat peak limit the signal. A JFET would too but from basic, listening tests in not as an effective way, so it seemed. An electron tube sounded with more headroom. See older posts. See also [Hamm]. At small signal levels the distortion of class A amplifiers (electrons flowing all the time) tends to zero. The transfer Voltage out/Voltage in characteristic becomes more and more a straight line. In the same way as the earth is flat for small excursions about a reference point.


An example for relatively small, 100μA drain current is the Marantz superscope EC-7 etc series condenser microphones.


http://www.superscopetechnologies.com/images/document/pdf/history/condenser.pdf


How would a JFET K117 for example sound on the Pleiades V6 schematic? Electron tube anode current typical of 25μA (Nuvistor 7586), 50μA sounds very nice and low noise. What would be an optimum FET drain current for such a circuit?





Reference:


Tubes va transistors (vs op amps), is there an audible difference? - Russel O. Hamm - JAES

On ABBA Vocals

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YXIgq4dQ6ks#fauxfullscreen


On this if you listen carefully the girls also sing one octave above. Or is it a harmonizer?


"Sometimes when they sung in unison, Anita perhaps going down a little and Frida struggling to get up to her, there was a certain sound to it that was amazing."


Benny Anderson


Another very important part of the ABBA vocal sound is varispeed. Ie different recording tape speed to reproduction tape speed. See their sound engineer, Michael Tretow interviews.

The best recording and reproduction is no recording nor reproduction

For example 2 human beings swimming together or communication.

Αμαν εσυ και τα λαμπιόνια σου

Xenia.

Ονοματολογία σωλήνων ηλεκρωνιων η ηλεκτρονικών λύχνων, τι σημαίνει ο καθε κωδικός

https://wikimili.com/en/List_of_vacuum_tubes

What does the name code type of electron tubes mean

https://wikimili.com/en/List_of_vacuum_tubes

An interesting Group DIY post

Raytheon 5784WB as sub for Ac701

Data on Raytheon subminiature electron tubes from archive.org

https://ia802508.us.archive.org/28/items/Raytheon_Tubes_196x/Raytheon%20Tubes%20196x.pdf

Some more subminiature electron tubes for possible 1.3V operation

At your risk. A suitable fuse must be used in series with voltage sources, eg batteries for safety.


These are direct heated, filament electron tube triode with relatively high filament current, typically 120mA. It would be less if they are underheated.


5676
https://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/127/5/5676.pdf


CK6286
https://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/138/6/6286.pdf


Would they operate as mic booster amplifiers etc with 1.3V at anode too, on the Pleiades V6 schematic?





So far from electron tubes that have been tried, the CV2269 electrometer tube RC coupled to output (Pleiades V1), the EF183 triode connected and Nuvistor 7586 could operate at only 1.3V at anode or plate with pull up,bias instead of to positive cathode to positive anode. (Cathode is positive with respect to to grid as it is editing ie loosing electrons) by thermionic emission. See previous posts.


By looking at the Raytheon datasheet:...
Industrial and military cathode subminiature tubes - Raytheon - technicalaudio.com
http://www.technicalaudio.com/pdf/Raytheon/Raytheon_Cathode_Subminiature_Tubes.pdf


Also 5904 at higher heater voltage, not much more than 12V, would these be suitble for grid at space potential operation with plate voltage around 12V?
https://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/137/5/5904.pdf


Also 5004 to 5908B.
7760 similarly.



6321, 6.3V heater, low heater current, low μ which seems better for low plate voltage operation, see previous posts.
6320 6.3V heater, low heater current, double triode high μ

6948 6.3V much lower heater current.

Heaters can be underheated anyway for low plate voltage operation. See previous posts.


How about hearing aid tubes? They only consume typically 10mA at heater filament or cathode.


For example DF64, DF651, DF67, CK549DX, DL64, DL67, CK548DX.


Later addition:


Another 1.25V heater filament cathode voltage tetrode electron tube at 50mA filament current is 5678 or CK5678:
https://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/138/5/5678.pdf
By looking at the datasheet for triode connection, it should possibly operate will only 1.3V at the plate, anode with pull up bias from grid to anode or Vb.


But for the moment at least let's concentrate on Nuvistor 2DV4 which might operate with 1.3V for both heaters and plate with pull up bias to anode.

Hello to Hellas (Ελλας), Germany and France

Οταν λέμε εργαζομαςτε, παράγουμε έργο, when we say we do (produce) work

In fact work is energy. Energy is coming everyday from the sun. So everyday we get richer.


But for some reason past energy from the sun millions of years ago had been found during the last 100 or so years in the form of petroleum oil.


So we thought we became much richer.


In fact we do not produce energy.


The sun sends or had sent energy.


Discovering the stored energy made us more consumers of energy.


Economic crisis may be coming from the fact that we may have become more consumers of energy for everyday day than what the sun gives in real time per day for each one of us.


The sun gives energy to us.


We do not produce energy, we consume energy. For example we get energy from food but the food gets its energy from the sun. The plants produce Oxygen but this is done by photons from the sun making chlorophyll molecules on leaves vibrate faster so that it can break like a hammer the carbon Dioxide to Carbon and oxygen, CO2 to C and O2 [Pfeiffer], [Feynman]. When we inhale air, the oxygen slowly reacting keeps our body warm and not only.


We do not produce energy.


We are administrators of energy.


Much of what man, woman kind is doing is trying to reverse entropy events. For example putting things is control or order [Feynman].


This may be a good or a bad thing, it depends.


References:


Feynman on YouTube on what is fire - Richard Feynman:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=N1pIYI5JQLE

The Cell - John Pfeiffer - Life Science Libray



Distiction of past and future - Richard Feynman - YouTube
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_Kab9dkDZJY

All the Pleiades series contain the same notes in different order

Using the Pleiades series we can find the possible ingredients of harmony (or voice parts) from any bass note. We do not need to use all the ingredients.


Just one bass note and 3 harmony notes are usually enough even for the most complex symphony or pop song.


For example A9 played:


A bass and C E B already sounds so full, mysterious and refined that nothing else might be needed. See for example the 3rd chord of Qui Tolis - Bach from Mass in B minor.


The A9 at the 3rd measure of Qui Tollis is possibly just these 3 notes but delegated to different instruments including human voices in different octaves etc. See full score or piano choir score.


In fact this same chord, A9, is the first chord of Just Hold Me - Maria Mena


Back to the Pleiades series.


They are easy, they are just 1 3 5 7 9 11 13.:


When bass is C the series is C E G B D F A


When bass is D the series is D F A C E G B


See how the second series can be derived from the 1st by beginning from the relevant note.


When bass is E the series is E G B D F A C


See how the same happens to the 3rd or all 7 series.


They all contain the same 7 notes in a different order.


How about the Bach's example?


On Qui Tollis, on the 3rd measure for example Bach has A on bass. The Pleiades series is A C E G B D F. Bach had chosen from all those notes just A bass and C E B. There is logic to the miracle of art. B was prepared for our brain all the time as B can be heard on the 1st and 2nd chord. C is the 3rd that makes the 9th (B) sound fabulous to listener's brain [Bach]. E is the 5th, another consonant interval. They all play their part in making the dissonant 9th interval sound miraculously euphonic.


For more on the Pleiades series see also:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-pleiades-series.html


Reference:


Bach bass rules:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf

Would one of the 3 stages be a 1.3V operated Nuvistor 2DV4 electron tube?

At your risk. A suitable fuse should always be included in series with a battery for safety.


See end of a previous post:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/2-active-devices-from-mic-to-headphones_27.html

The figured bass of Just Hold Me

Figured bass or bass with numbers signifying the intervals or other parts above bass ie harmony can be read on the Bach-Niedt manual [Bach].


When no number is indicated it means the harmonic is the si ole harmonic triad ie 1 3 5.


So Sol is to be played Sol bass and Sol Si Re on the right hand.


If nites are doubled they can be omitted. For example the Sol on the anode example.


Or when for example a singer is to sing Re on the above example the Re can be omitted from accompanying instruments for the sake of clarity of voice. See for example the modern pop ballad Say Something I'm giving up on you. Or the introduction of 40th Symphony - Motzart (reading the full score while listening or playing on the piano is a very good ear training exercise as well as an orchestration, arrangement insight.



The numbered bas of Just Hold Me - Matia Mena, there may some unavoidable mistakes, is as follows.


The letter is the bass the numbers is chords or harmony.


So,for example A9 is played A bass, C E B. B is the 9th and the 3rd and 5th are added [Bass]. We add consonances ie 3rd and 5th in order to make agreeable to the listener's brain the 9th. So all together they sound amazing.


Introduction:


A Dorian (ie all F are sharp)
A9
E579
D
A9
E479

A comfortable as I ...
E or E7
D I need your...
A
E
D
A
E
D
A
E
Dand if I wanted
A silence...
F6 (remember F is F sharp since Dorian scale)
A
D
A
F
A ... you would
D know
D
Key change from A Dorian to A minor (all white keys)

A and whyyyyyy
G6
E7 hold me...
F7...
A
G6
F7
D7
A
G6


Etc


Further reading:


Bach Bass Rules - Bach, Niedt - edited by N. Schmidt - source possibly Philip Spitta, translation by Clara Bell from Bach's Biography - Soitta:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf

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Hello to Germany, Hellas, Unknown Region

How is the Pleiades 2N3053 class A headphone driver amp operating at 1.3V made

At your risk. Always protect your hearing from high acoustic levels or listening experiments.


It is described in earlier posts.


This is just a description on what is currently seen on the experimental breadboard. One 2N3053 GE/RCA H 8940 bipolar transistor is used for each channel. No heat sink is used as the operating voltage is low. At your risk.


The input 1/4in female stereo connector is connected without capacitor to a 50KΩ B (logarithmic?) stereo miniature potentiometer. At your risk. The wipers are connected to the 1/4in female connector.


The other side of each pot section to each transistor base.


Each base is current biased by a 100KΩ trimmer from collector to base. Measured values are 51.5KΩ for the upper transistor and 53KΩ for the lower. The values where screwdriver adjusted by ear brain for best sound while a Portable CD player was connected. At your risk. Take all nessesary war protection precautions.


The AA battery 1.5V plus terminal passes through output female stereo connector ie through headphone voice coils and then connected to each transistor collector. Always use a suitable fuse for safety. So DC or limit to 0Hz coupling. See hearing aid at recent posts and other schematics. The voice coil is the load resistor itself.


The headphone should not be worn while the amp is switch on or the headphones jack inserted or removed.


There is a step function or click sound containing infinite frequencies. The shorter the duration of a signal the higher the bandwidth, Heisenberg uncertainty principle in sound [Waves, Berkeley].


Protect your ears.



Reference:


Waves - Berkeley Physics Cource - Volume 3 - Frank S. Crawford, Jr. - McGraw-Hill Publishing Company

How is the Pleiades K117 preamplifier operated with 1.3V made

At your risk. Always connect a suitable fuse in series with a battery for safety.


More information and a schematic should be found on earlier posts.


This  is just actual component description by looking at the operating unit.


The Pleiades K117 operated by an AA 1.2V battery is as follows:


A very small box of aluminum just big enough to fit an AA battery holder, 2 1/4in female mono connectors and the K117 JFET with its passive surrounding components. A suitable fuse in series with battery should always be used for safety.


The input capacitor is a 47nF 100V MXT HQ metalised? film capacitor, by Philips?


It's other side connected to gate. Gate floating. This can be tricky if a charge appears at gate. A resistor needs to be momentary connected to gate for discharging it and resume normal gain.



The source resistor is brown, green, red ie 1.5K. Bypass electrolytic capacitor is a 22μF Starget Elna, magenta colored, before RHOS.

A K117 GR1E JFET is the heart of the amp or the amp itself.


Drain resistor is 1K8.


Output coupling capacitor is 1μF 63V PH. Both coupling capacitors are blue.


Battery is a 1.5V Duracell Alcaline LR6, AA.

2 active devices from mic to headphones part 2

At your risk. Take all precautions to protect your hearing.


An amazing sound. How could it not be. It is just 2 transistors from production to reproduction in real time.


Signal path, setup:


Various sound sources - Sennheiser MD21 HN - initially Canford inline XLR to 1/4in input transformer but then the usual German XLR inline transformer with lower inductance - Pleiades K117 operated with 1.3V - Pleiades 2N3053 operated with 1.3V - Sennheiser HD580


Note: Both transformers are mentioned on previou posts. Inductance values were given at 1.2KHz?. Canford is 413mH but it is 1.7H at 97Hz. The German transformer is 232mH at 1.2KHz but 470mH at 97Hz. The German transformer is very similar to the GSM1 e + p which is XLR to XLR rather than XLR to 1/4in jack.


The setup sounds so real that it is hard to discriminate whether a sound comes to the ears from the real acoustic source or through the open back headphones. The volume control at the input of the 2N3053 has to be changed so as to realize whether the so real sound is indeed coming from the headphones.


Various acoustic source were used, for example:


Male singing voice at 1-12in.


Ticking clock form many meters away, different rooms, till just next to mic.


Ride or crush cymbals gently taped by finger.


Approaching from meters to close the MD21 HN mic to the Philips AD5046N high Z (800Ω?) full range loudspeaker driven by a Pleiades 2N3053 power amp supplied by 12V. The full range speaker was playing Just Hold Me - Maria Mena. Exceptional sound quality.


The excellent mic was used at 90degrees for grazing incidence, no HF boost, to 0 degrees for full HF boost due to the pressure doubling effect.


The setup is very low noise.


The sound is as smooth and detailed as possible. Great bass. For example deep bass can be heard when approaching the full range cabinet from the back. Possibly capturing the soudfield created by the vibration of the back wood of the speaker enclosure too.


Some bass heaviness at voice or treble exaggeration is apparent when live singing as expected. This must be Fletcher Munson, voice effort curves, pressure doubling effect at play. A lot of the bass heaviness disappeared by using the German input transformer of less primary inductance than the Canford.


So most of this experiment was done by German XLR to 1/4in inline transformer.



Further bass heaviness or treble heaviness may be gone if a Pleiades V6 electron tube front end is added with the electron tube at about 20-30μA anode current. This rather small value may give the bass and treble decrease needed for a full big and natural sounding vocal sound.


It is hard to realise that many of these Pleiades experiments were really hearing aid experiments.


A mic is amplified in real time to feed headphones.


In general in pop music at reproduction a voice of higher acoustic intensity than the original acoustic intensity is usually the case.


For correct frequency response from producer's to listener's brain a deliberate non flat, usually gentle low and high cut response is required.


If this is done with the minimum electronic components possible and thereby the simplest possible signal path operating in pure class A (electrons flowing all the time), realism is fantastic.


See the 2 next posts on how each of the 2 stages is made.


While this was being tested the 7 pin Nuvistor 2DV4 holders came from eBay. The 2DV4 is to be operated by 1.3V at the heaters and anode. Is this a good indication that the 3rd stage would be a 2DV4 so that all 3 stages be powered by just a 1.3V ordinary battery? What would be the role of 2DV4 apart from making the sound correct to listener's brain? Perhaps the front end? Or 2nd amplifying stage? Or output stage? If it is 1st stage would a hi Z to hi Z coupling transformer work best. For example an Ampex bridging transformer. Or an inductor coupling, auto transformer etc.


Further reading:


Flat frequency response from producer's to listener's brain, Sound Picture recording and reproducing characteristics - D. P. Lowe, K. F. Morgan - JSMPE

The best electronic audio signal source can be a microphone

At your risk. Protect your hearing.


An analog microphone.


For example the Sennheiser MD21 HN.


But if acoustic intensity at reproduction is higher than acoustic intensity of sound source low cut and high cut may be needed for Fletcher Munson, voice effort curve compensation. So that the amplified sound sounds corect to the human brain.


See next post.

Drawing electronic schematics on sand part 2

At your risk. A fuse should always be connected in series with a voltage source for safety.


Drawing on fine sand is amusing, educating,


One may use a small wooden stick and start drawing a circle, (the electron tube bulb). Then adding an anode, grid, cathode etc. then all other electronic parts and connections.


The resolution is very high as the drawing can be say a meter x more.


So many times has the Pleiades V6 schematic been drawn:






The gentle passing of sea water wave always first erases the bottom part. The battery part.


Or 2 batteries if a separate say 9V potential is sent to anode. And then the grid can be left floating, not connected to a pull up resistor, at space potential. See 1H4 for example, it's grid left at space potential.


But the water always erases this part.


Does it mean there is something to be improved?


Using for example hearing aid or electrometer electron tubes which only consume say 14mA for the filament cathode. Leaving grid at space potential? And arranging the their filament supply battery in such a way that there is an external potential equal to the space potential internaly created by nature.


So that then the input transformer secondly can be connected directly to grid (eliminating the capacitor) with no cathode to grid emission current flowing through the transformer secondary?

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A definition of Hi-Fi

Hi fidelity from sound production to sound reproduction may be:


The same impression from producer's brain to listener's brain.


See also:


Flat frequency response from producer's brain to listener's brain, Sound pictures recording and reproducing characteristics - D. P. Loye, K. F. Morgan - JSMPE

Hearing aids and microphone studio pre amplifiers

Without realizing it many of previous years Pleiades experiments were hearing aid experiments.


Perhaps generalizing a microphone amplifying studio setup serves a similar purpose.


In pop music a usually much softer, intimate voice is made to sound louder by increasing the acoustic intensity in dBs entering the listener's ear. A hearing aid?


It is not surprising that a top quality studio mic preamp setup such as for example one the Beatles used has electronic schematics so similar to a top quality electron tube hearing aid. Usually with 3 active devices we have so much gain as to accommodate the need of an almost deaf person, even 1 mW electrical output (0dBm) can be enough [Philips].


One typical Beatles EMI Abbey Road signal path, mic followed by a mic preamplifier set may be:


Neumann U47 (with its one VF14 electron tube head amplifier) - Telefunken V72s (a 2 electron tube preamplifier).


Electron tube hearing aids of the 50s used 3 electron tubes in very similar class A (electrons flowing all the time) schematics.


Even the beginning of the signal path was very similar as the mic was a crystal ie high impedance feeding the electron tube control grid. Diaphragm reasonance placed at high frequencies similarly to condenser capsule mic elements.



For an example, 2 possibly hearing aid schematics:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/more-nice-hearing-aid-schematics.html


And while we might like to get a mic level to line level we are increasing the signal not few dBs.


When we say we need a preamplifier of 60dB gain we are very close to the hearing aid community decibel gain talk at least in the electric signal domain.


We do this for the possibility of having a softly strumming guitar sound as loud as an orchestra. Or for example My heart will go on - Celline Dion, Celline sound as loud as a full orchestra. Or generally making a voice loud while keeping the great quality of voice, eg Just Hold Me - Maria Mena. In general this means not flat frequency response form mic to loudspeaker or headphones.


Since the acoustic intensity of voice coming to the listener's ears is much higher than real life, our brain (equal loudness curves) perceives the sound more bass and treble heavy if the frequency response from mic to loudspeaker is flat.


The aim is flat frequency response form producer's brain to listener's brain:


References:


A transistor hearing aid - Blom, Boxman:
http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-19-1957_58-130.pdf


Flat frequency response form producer's brain to listener's brain, Sound picture recording and reproducing characteristics - D. P. Lowe, K. F. Morgan - JSMPE


Schematics of electron tube hearing aids, of Neumann U47, Telefunken V72

Marketing, the art of making yourself force yourself to buy?

Still the consumer has the responsibility.


Everybody has the free will and choice.

3 active devices from mic to headphones.

At your risk. Protect your ears. Even more than half milliwatt feeding headphones can be dangerous.


For example the Sennheiser HD580 should produce more than 90dB fed by 1 milliwatt.


See a previous post on Pleiades V5 2 stage battery powered mic amplifier feeding a Pleiades 2N3054 posered by 1.3V.


More experiments to come, for example a signal path such as:


Pleiades V6 - Pleiades K117 - Pleiades 2N3053

2 active devices from mic to headphones

At your risk. Protect your ears.


The following setup, signal path was tried today:


Philips or Sennheiser omnidirectional microphone - 500Ω to 50KΩ input transformer - Pleiades K117 - (input variable series resistor for volume control) Pleiades 2N3053 powered by 1.3V - Sennheiser HD580


Even with just 2 transistors full ambience from many meters away from the building could be clearly heard.


The sound was very treble heavy.


Rethinking about it, it is because the input inductance of the mic transformer used is low and the mic impedance used is relatively high, 600-800Ω.


It will be retried with other mic and INOUT transformers


The sound as expected was a live as real.


See part 2:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/2-active-devices-from-mic-to-headphones_27.html

One active device form mic to headphones

At your risk. Protect your ears.


It can be a Pleiades V6 direct driving the Sennheiser HD580. A faint sound is expected but of great quality. See previous posts. Normally 2 -3 stages should be needed. Protect your ears.


Or similarly a Pleiades K117 with input and output transformer., mic to headphones respectively. Would it sound louder than a Pleiades V6? Possibly so.

A microphone directly connected to headphones

At your risk. Protect your ears.


It is possible, sensitivity of course will be low.


A 200Ω microphone can be directly connected to 300Ω headphones for example. If the headphones are connected in parallel resultant impedance becomes 150Ω.


So it is almost impedance matching, ie max power transfer. A 200Ω microphone feeding an 150Ω load.


We could hear as loud as seeking to our ear but it is the power inefficiency of microphones and headphones. Energy is lost to heat etc.


So even if gently taping the microphone, little sound can be heard.


But it should be top quality. As it is straight cable with no gain.


A similar experiment can be done by connecting two 8Ω say 5in full range drive unit speakers together.


We can gently move one by hand and see the other cone moving.


A great experiment to understand the law of induction.


And Lenz's law or the law of conservation of energy.


If we gently tap the paper cone of an unconnected speaker we can hear the vibration step response of the cone.


If we then short circuit the terminals we almost hear nothing. The short circuit at the voltage output we have generated by our hand taping acts as a break.


Possibly in the same way a metro train or tram breaks by feeding the output generated by its motor back to the system possibly heling another metro train to accelerate in real time.

Is a pocket size Pleiades V6 possible?

At your risk. Always use a suitable fuse in series with a battery for safety.


See next post:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/can-pleiades-v6-be-made-smaller-less.html

Can the Pleiades V6 be made smaller, less energy consuming?

At your risk. Always use a suitable fuse in series with a battery for safety.





A step is changing to Nuvistor 7586 for about half the heater current. Very toughly from 200mA to 100mA.


A further reduction in heater current can be the use of a direct filament cathode on electron tubes such a CV2269 electrometer or hearing aid subminiature electron tubes. A heater current can be at least as low as 14mA.


If grid at space potential operation is desired a higher anode voltage than filament voltage may be used.


In that case it may be uneconomic to use a resistor to drop the battery voltage from say 9V or 12V to 1.3V for filament.


The best solution might be the classic A and B battery practice.


The anode supply can be a very thin (garage remote control) type 12V batter.


The A battery can be an AAA 1.2V rechargeable battery.


Everything is very slim.


2 slim batteries, a slim electron tube.


Could everything fit in a slim aluminum visiting card holder?


Can the 1.2V battery be used in such a way as to keep grid at space potential even when the input transformer is connected to grid without capacitor. Ie no grid cathode electron emission current. This would reduce number of components eliminating a possible coloration from a capacitor. Transformers do not count as they sound great, giving state of the art low noise etc.


Can an electron tube mic booster amplifier of state of the art quality be made inside a pocket slim box including battery in series with suitable safety fuse?


Can thin tape wound ring cores be used for input or output transformer?


Should input, output connectors be 1/8in mono?


Can the need of internal signal transformers be eliminated by using a mic with a step up transformer (eg MD21 HN, MD421 HL, Unidyne III, and an output transformer inside an 1/4in jack? See Canford red impedance converter using Neutrik components.


If it is possible power consumption should be very low.


On previous posts it can be seen that an optimum anode current as low as 30μA is possible thereby reducing common bass heaviness.

Pleiades V6 to Pleiades K117 to Pleiades 2N3053

At your risk. Protect your hearing. Always use a suitable fuse in series with a battery for safety or fire hazard protection.


Can the above signal path be used for a 3 active device battery powered amplifier form mic to headphone or line?


Always use a series fuse with a battery for safety.


The electron tube (for example grid at space potential of a pull up grid resitor to positive cathode or anode is not used) for example provides a low noise front end. (Even the cathode is more positive from grid due to electron emission, see previous posts and references).


The K117 JFET takes over with an input transformer if an output transformer is used on the V6. Or an interstage transformer (hi Z in hi Z out) for electron tube anode to JFET gate. Or RC coupling.


The relative low output impedance of the K117 JFET drives the base of the 2N3053 output stage power amplifier. The 2N3053 is powered by 1.3V. So is K117. Possibly too a Nuvistor 2DV4 powered by 1.3V for both heater and anode.


Below is the schematic of the Pleiades V6 front end. Other electron tubes can also be used. For example 7586 nuvistor, CV2269 (see Pleiades V1), a hearing aid subminiature electron tube?, larger direct heater electron tubes such as 1H4 etc.

Making Naan Bread

At your risk.


A good quality yogurt is used and an equal amount of good quality whole grain flour. A small envelope, 7g of baking powder.


It can be rolled with a cylindrical glass bottle.


It can be placed on top of a preheated stone or iron cast inside the oven.


By Alexandre


See also:


https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan

Hello to United States, Hellas and United Kingdom

Are 1/3 A size batteries suitable for vacuum tube hearing aid amplifiers?

At your risk. Batteries can be dangerous. Take all safety precautions.


Many electron tube amplifier hearing aids used an RM-1 1.4V mercury battery for the direct filament cathodes:


https://www.hearingaidmuseum.com/gallery/Miscellaneous/Batteries/Mallory/info/batterymalloryrm1.htm


Obviously due to mercury something else is needed.


AA size is the ordinary size so many equipment use. AA/3 means 1/3 in length.


A size is a thicker size.


An A/3 looks like a cylinder with almost equal height and diameter.


A rechargeable 1.2V should do the trick as when fully charged they are 1.4V and as they discharge they go down to 1.2V. Underheating is not a bad thing. See previous posts.


Ni-Mi types should be chosen as the Ni-Cd have Cadmium which has radioactive isotopes.


About 200mAh should be great.


For 15V, should ten LR1130 button size batteries in series (one next to the other) be used in a cylindrical pack?


Something on the lines of the little 12V garage remote control battery F-LR23A which contains 9 1.5V battery elements.

Are Nuvistor electron tubes used in space?

There must be a reference at an earlier euroelectron post.


It should be searchable on Google.


Must more information should be available.

Hello to Germany, South Africa, United States

Welcome to South Africe

Hello to Ukraine

An ingenious impedance coupling way found in a hearing aid schematic

At your risk. Protect your hearing.


It is an inductor connected in parallel with the output voice coil.


If say the voice coil of the headphone or loudspeaker is 800Ω this can be fine for an AC load but the voice oil usualy having a same order DC resistance produces a voltage drop in anode or collector voltage.


Including a coil there is much less voltage drop at DC. But at AC the impedance of the coil progressively increases so there is no shunt loss of music.


So we can have greater power with same battery, or same power with a less voltage battery.


Another way of looking at it is that the coil produces AC EMF (a changing magnetic field produces electromotive force across an inductor) which is added to the supply rail. So output voltage doubles. And of course a coil can also be thought of as an autotransformer with a 1:1 ratio.


Another advantage is that say from 4V plate voltage to 8V plate voltage the anode current increase can be dramatic.


It may be clearly seen how ingenious are hearing aid circuits. Aiming for the the best sound with fewest components possible, less size, less power consumption. Such designers must have been hundreds of years ahead of the time. They kept quality, keeping everything in class A (electrons flowing all the time).


A drawback could be a frequency response not down to the limit of 0Hz but it can be a good thing.


It has not been tried yet on Pleiades circuits.


How would it sound on Pleiades 2N3053, Pleiades V6 as output stage etc?


The schematic is here:


https://www.radiomuseum.org/tubes/tube_df650.html

Would hearing aid subminiature direct heated electron tubes make nice Pleiades V6 mic booster amps?

At your risk. Always use a fuse in series with a battery, batteries for safety.





The Pleiades V6 schematic could be modified.


In case space potemtial grid operation is needed then the grid could be left floating and a different higher voltage battery used for the anode.


Attention to any voltage it can be dangerous.

An opaque box for the Pleiades V5, V4 mic booster, preamplifier

At your risk. Plastic boxes may present greater fire hazard. Excercise all safety precautions including always using a fuse in series with any battery for safety.


A nice looking opaque box can be a calling card holder box. For example the Q-Connect card holder KF10738.


Would it be big enough for Neutrik XLR connectors?


It is about double the thickness of an audio cassette case.


Could an audio cassette case be used for slimmer designs, including the Pleiades V1 CV2269 electron tube, the Pleiades K117 JFET, the Pleiades 2N3053 bipolar transistor power amplifier?


There are also very slim and attractive metal, aluminum? card holders.


All the above card holders could be found on Plaisio shop in Athens.

The patents of Otarion E4 Hearing Aid

At your risk. Protect your hearing.


These are only some considerations on possibly using it as a studio microphone preamplifier.


In includes just 3 subminiature direct heater? electron tubes and so few resistors, capacitors inside for many 10th dBs of gain. All in a space less than a transistor radio. The designers were clearly so many years ahead of their time.


It can be opened by removing 2 screws.


The capacitors are relatively small.


There is an audio transformer or inductor possibly for output. Schematic information is welcome at the comments section of this post.


A aluminum large diaphragm crystal microphone.


It should be a marvel of low noise since it is electron tube and the plates or anodes are operated at low electric potential or voltage. Small electric field. Microamperes of anode current can sound really nice and low noise. Much of the unwanted bass heaviness is removed. See previous posts.


Inside there is a notice: licensed by Western Electric company under U.S. Patents of American Telephone and Telegraph company... manufactured under the following patents with the following patents:


US2280304


US2280305


US2284063


US2284451


US2290816


US2296454


US2418410


US2434211


Canedian Patent , 1943


Other patents pending.


If anyone knows could you please post the electron tubes used. The opened example has only one and the type number is unreadable. It should be made by Raytheon.

Very early electron tubes, rainbow color

See a GE version of UV201:


http://uv201.com/Tube_Pages/uv200_uv201.htm


Other very interesting electron tube is the UV200.


They seem to operate with small plate potemtial.


For example the UV199 datasheet says the filament can be at the minimum value producing great results.


https://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/084/u/UV199.pdf


How would such electron tubes sound as a mic booster amplifier with the Pleiades V6 circuit with pull up bias or grid at space potemtial?







An early but not as early electron tube, the 1H4, sounded very nice and low noise at 9V plate potential and grid at space potemtial, no pull up resistor or grid leak. Filament at 1.3V. See previous posts.


See also:


http://frank.pocnet.net/sheets/049/0/01A.pdf


http://vinylsavor.blogspot.com/2013/10/tube-of-month-ux201a.html

Hello to Canada

The first in the ear hearing aid?

Very few transistors:


https://hearinghealthmatters.org/waynesworld/2017/first-ite-hearing-aids-part-3/

The top quality Hearing Aid Museum !

Possibly the best of its kind on the planet.


https://www.hearingaidmuseum.com

More patents on hearing aids

These were found by looking up the patent number shown in a photo of Radioear 892 hearing aid.


Magnetic microphone patent:


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=2552800A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19510515&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP


(Tele coil?) Inductive pickup patent:


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=2656421A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19531020&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP

Hello to Germany and Hellas

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1

The Pleiades series

If there is not a better term for finding all possible chords from given bass...


For example if bass is Mi:


The Pleiades series is Mi Sol Si Re Fa La Do


For example in Just Hold Me - Maria Mena just before Maria starts to sing the harmony is:


E bass La Re Fa


Fa is sharp as the key or scale is A Dorian.


We can choose when we compose or play be ear which notes we find that fit to our senses from the series.


For example on Great Gig in the Sky - Pink Floyd the second time on introduction the bass becomes Fa the chord or harmony is:


Fa bass and La Do Mi


(The Pleiades series for Fa is Fa La Do Mi Sol Si).


Later addition:


This informed quessing method has its drawbacks. For example on Just Hold Me - Maria Mena...


Bass La,     .....and if I liked rejection I'd audi
Bass Re      .....tioned...


The bass if we listen and play carefully is not Re. It is Fa and since the La Dorian scale has any Fa sharp it is an F sharp. But it is hard to imagine that the right hand plays La Re Fa (Fa#) although these notes are included in the Pleiades series.
It is easier to understand it as F6, ie bass F the 6th Re and the 3rd (La) added [Bach] or an inversion of RE ie Re Fa La inverted to Fa La Re.



Note 2: no matter how complex a chord is it can be easily derived from the Pleiades series. For example taking Do as bass. We have Do Mi Sol Si Re Fa La. By using the end of the series we can have Do bass and Re Fa La, (C bass and D F A) ie Do Bass and Re minor. Ie the second chord of the prelude in C - Bach from the well tempered clavier.


Other example: taking bass La. The Pleiades series is La Do Mi Sol Si Re Fa. Choosing the notes Sol Si Re we can have La bass and Sol Si Re. Ie La bass and Sol majore. For example the intro progression of What's love got to do with it - Tina Turner, from La Do Mi, to La bass Sol Si Re. Watch which sharps or flats to add according to the key of the song.


Other similar examples: California Girls - Beach Boys, You've lost that loving feeling - The Rightious Brothers, Against all odds - Phil Collins, Old and Wise - Alan Parsons Project, Us and Them - Pink Floyd. All these brilliant compositions use the technique of keeping the bass the same, pedal bass, and moving the right hand (all playing fingers) one step to the right or left. All these notes or voice parts should be easily derived from the Pleiades series.


Note 3: The Pleiades series can be 7. Starting from one of the seven bass notes. Note that all series contains the same 7 notes but in different order. Music should not be looked as something so difficult. It is just 7 notes. Do Re Mi Fa Sol La Si.


See also, reference:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf


The rule of thumb in music - euroelectron


Music in 3 steps - euroelectron
http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/most-there-is-to-music-in-few-words.html


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-rule-of-thumb-is-music-used-to.html

Should the withdrawal time be equal to total prescrption time?

At your risk.


This is not a medical advice.


Or should the areas of the graph (dose,time) before withdrawal and after withdrawal be equal?


If the latter is the case if we assume negative exponential reduction (similar to a capacitor discharging) the time of withdrawal must be much greater for equal areas or integrals.


Can an empirical relation be derived that relates total dose before starting to withdraw and withdrawal half time?


If the total dose time and time to inverse exponentially withdraw can be equal, this may be good news. It could mean for example that someone addicted for 5 months can withdraw in 5 months.


At your risk. A competent pshychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist must supervise. Love is important.


See also previous posts.

Interest rate less than 1 per cent

Your own risk. This is not a medical advice.


See previous posts on drug withdrawal.


Most beautiful curves are those of discharging capacitors. They have the negative esponetial property of equal amount of time taken for the voltage to become half  anywhere in the curve or graph. This time is called half time or τ. This is nature.


Would this help economy?


Giving something and taking less in return.

A one day (negative) step dose undershoot

Your own risk. This is not a medical advice. See previous posts.

Overshoot in dose for an easier long term withdrawal?

You own risk. This is not a medical advice.


This is potentially a dangerous and stupid idea.


For example:


Let's say someone born in 1950 takes in 1989 addictive substance at 1mg per day.


Then in 2000 increases to 1.5mg.


Then in 2006 increases to 2.5mg.


Then in 2010 decreases to 1.25mg.


Then in 2018, six months ago increases to 2.5mg.


Then decides to slowly withdraw today at an exponential rate with a half time of 5 months.


So in 5 months from now the dose will be 1.25mg.


Would continuing at the same relatively quick rate be a good rate for continuing until complete withdrawal?


Would the increase 6 months ago help?


Also would a 1 day negative step undershoot just the day defore gradual withdrawal begins help? For example if the steady dose is 2.5mg, taking the night before 2mg.


Completely counter intuitive.


Potentially dangerous.


At your risk.


Later addition. The person who was advised to reduce very slowly been for one dose self acted on reducing a known Benzodiazepine pill just for 1 day from 2.5mg to 2mg and could not sleep wall that day. Woke up at 4am. Obviously was not feeling well the next day due to lack of sleep. So withdrawal is postponed for few days, weeks later. Would this action help anyway in the long run?


At your risk.


Withdrawal requires the help of a good psychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist.



Love is important.

Hello to France, United States, unknown Region, Spain, Hellas, Poland

How is the dose reduction coefficient calculated

At your own risk, this is not a medical advice.


A psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychotherapist should be consulted.


By definition the dose reduction coefficient is a number with the following property. Any next day dose can be found by multipling the current day dose by this number. Let's call this number x. By definition of we were to find for example dose at day 5 we multiply dose (day 1) by x 5 times. Ie dose (day1) times x times x times x times x times x. Or dose(day1) times X to the power of 5.


Half time, symbol τ is by definition the time taken for the dose to become half. Half time can be a month, 6 weeks, a year etc according to the x number chosen.


Let's find the relation between the two:


By using the 2 above definitions we have:


Dose times (X to the power of τ) = Dose : 2


Or in slightly better math writing:


Dose (X to the power of τ) = Dose/2


Dividing both left and right hand side by Dose we have:


X to the power of τ = 1/2


Taking τth roots on both sides:


X = τth root of 1/2


so:


X = τth root of 0.5


This is easy to calculate using a scientific calculator.


For example for a 5 month half time ie 150 days half time, the X number will be 150th root of 0.5 = 0.9953896


The dose reduction coefficient is 0.9953896


We may find the dose of next day by multiplying any day dose by this number.



At your risk. This is not a medical advice. Consult a psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychotherapist.


Love is important.

Hello to Portugal, Hellas, Germany, Poland

Trying to find the bass is like trying for the hidden treasure

A hearing protecting headphone

At your risk. This is not a medical advice. Make sure you are safe from traffic, driving, etc.


It can be an in ear headphone used by not playing music. Just for its sound insulation properties.


For example a Sennheiser CX 300-II used without playing music.


If there is a defective one, the cables can be ripped off and many people may wonder what is this brilliant looking wireless headphone.

"Civilization" induced aging?

At your risk. This is not a medical advice.


A 25 year old is said to have a better hearing curve than an 18 year old.


It is also said that this due to aging.


But is it due to aging or due to the city (for example) greater noise exposure of someone bring around for more years in unfavorable conditions?


Can this be generalized to clean air, healthy food etc?

Music octaves vs engineering octaves on a Pleyel model 9 piano

Your own risk.


After compete restoration of a Pleyel 1922 model 9 upright piano which took about 3 years the same Firminy factory strings were kept. It is not known whether these strings might had been installed ain around 1940.  See a previous post for elements of the restoration.


When stretching the strings until the sound is amazing with correct ear brain 2nd harmonic or 2nd overtone compared to fundamental...


and thereby corect sounding octaves to ear brain....


an example frequency measurment was:


F 360.2Hz


F one octave above 721.4Hz


By taking the 12th root of their ratio ie 12th root of 721.4/360.2 the number is 1.05958...clearly much higher than 1.05946...which is for horrible sounding "equal" temperament engineering octaves with the frequency ratio of 2:1.



Then some number cooking must had been done as in written notes it can be read on following lines 721.6Hz and 360.2Hz. Was 721.6 sounding even better? Anyway this gave a 12th root result of 1.05961...


See also:


The Pleiades tuning or temperament - euroelectron


Human ear brain or music vs engineering octaves - euroelectron

Hello to Germany

Philips makes both analog and digital hearing aids

What a company:


http://phillipshearinginstruments.com


http://phillipshearinginstruments.com/p3a.pdf

An electron tube compressor with an automatically adjusted bandwidth

It may be called automatic compressing bandwidth, acb.


Assuming for example that the first stage, used as front end and variable gain stage at the same time is the Pleiades V6 amplifier:





When a side chain DC signal proportional to output above a threshold, is returned to the grid to make the grid more negative ie decreasing gain....


The corresponding reduction of anode current or increase of internal plate or anode resistance will interact with the output or interstage transformer to reduce bass or treble response.


The compressed sound may sound louder and the bandwidth reduction may reduce corresponding bass or treble heaviness due to Fletcher Munson or Voice Effort curves.


A side chain signal can be created in usual known ways such as Altec, RCA BA-6A compressors, limiters or for example:


http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-15-1953_54-037.pdf


https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=2373180A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=3&date=19450410&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP


The reflection that bandwidth can be restricted on purpose while compressing if the coupling transformer inductance is at a critical low enough value came while reading the above brilliant patent by Faltico, Maico (hearing aid) company.

Most there is to music in 3 steps

We may use this to play or compose any musical composition.


Step 1: we find the bass


Step 2: we consider the numbers 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 which signify notes with corresponding distance above the bass


Step 3: we use judgment to choose which numbers or notes to use.


For example on Great Gig in the Sky - Pink Floyd when the bass becomes F for the second time the chord could be any of the following numbers 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 or notes F A C E G B D or Fa La Do Mi Sol Si Re but it is just Fa La Do Mi.


(Whether any of the notes will be flat or sharp will depend on the particular scale or key the composer chose for the musical composition).


Inspired by Vicky's questions.


Further reading:


Bach bass rules:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf



http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-pleiades-series.html

Hello to United States and France

The rule of thumb in music (part 2) used to derive all the refined chords of Just Hild me - Maria Mena

This is not about giving away the beautiful non ordinary chords of Just Hold Me - Maria Mena


It is just a rule of thumb so that you may find them yourself.


(See also rule of thumb is music part 1).


This simple rule can be ised for any musical piece be it a refined pop song or a refined symphony. If you use attention, correct listening and judgment you may find the exact harmony, not just something that sounds very close or close.


The rule is choosing which  numbers sound correct above the bass for every bass. The list of possible numbers is 1 3 5 7 9 11 13.  (Further increaseimg from 13 gets us back to the same notes). Now for example 9 means nine notes above the bass. This 9th can be played anywhere above the bass. Any note could also be black, sharp or flat ect depending on the scale or key of the musical composition. But we always refer to or think white or natural notes.


So from the beginning of Just Hold Me (all Fs are sharp since the key is D Dorian):


First bass at 0:00 is:


A


The chord (right hand for example) could include any of the notes A C E G B D F but it only includes C E B.


Next bass is E. The chord could include any of E G B D F A but the brilliant composer chose to include only B D F.


Next bass is D. The chord could include D F A C E G B but it only includes D F A or A D F just the invertion of D F A.


Then A bass, same as above.


E the chord could include E G B D F A but only includes D F A or A D F.


Find yourself all the other chords...







Further reading:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-pleiades-series.html

Nice example of the Dorian music scale

Maria Mena - Just hold me


Here the scale is an A scale as the first bass is A. But not all notes are white.


The F or Fa is F sharp. The scale or key is A Dorian.


So when the bass is D using the 1 3 5 rule the chord is D F A but F is sharp.


So instead of D minor the chord is D major which is a happy chord.


A        And if I wanted silence  
D        I would whisper (this is wrong, it is F6, see further reading)
A        And if I didn't love you, you would
D        know, and


A         Why-------------
G6       -----Can't you just
E7       Hold me---------
F7


Etc


We don not need to remember anything to derive those brilliant chords. We can just use Bach Bass Rules [Bach, Niedt]


So:


A is A C E
D is A D F# (inverting for least motion of the right hand)
A is A C E
D is A D F#

A is A C E
G6 is G B E
E7 is E G B D
F7 is F A C E


See also the rule of thumb is music part 1 and 2


Further reading:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-pleiades-series.html

Inverse or natural log withdrawal from addiction

At your risk.


This is not a medical advice.


See also next today's post.


This is done by finding a suitable number below 1, eg 0.95, 0.99, 0.987, 0.87 etc and finding the next day dose from the previous day dose by multiplying with this number. The number will depend on individual and circumstances. A top psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychotherapist must always be consulted for as long it is needed.


The number will differ from individual and its value can be arranged so that withdrawal can take place in weeks, months or years.


A top quality psychotherapist, psychiatrist, neurologist, or psychologist is needed.



Inverse exponential curves have the property that there is half time of dosage. If for example the halftime (according to which number is used) is 1 year this means that:


If the initial dose is say 1mg.


Next year it will be 1/2mg


The following year 1/4mg


The following year 1/8mg


See how the more time passes by the less abrupt is the change. The greatest change in dosage takes place when withdrawal begins. So the multiplying coefficient or number must be chosen carefully. Etc


The advantage of multiplying each day by a number increases resolution so the reduction dosage curve is a smooth inverse exponential one.


Repeating, another property is that the slope is greatest the first day (although the dose reduction can be very small according to the multiplying number being used) and reduction becomes increasingly gradual as days, weeks, months, years pass.


Could this number be named dosage reduction coefficient?


This method has already been tried successfully with 2 individuals withdrawing from Entact, Escitalopram. One has been taking it of some years and could withdraw in some months. The other, and older male had been taking it for just a few weeks and could withdraw in about 1-2 months.


Would it work for long term benzo taking?


Would it work for other drug, alcohol, cigarette, beverage withdrawal etc?


Would it work for any withdrawal as the brain may be given inverse esponetial (or even inverse natural logarithm) time to adjust?


In order to find the less than 1 multiplying number we take the τth root of 0.5 where τ is half time. For how this is derived see:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/how-is-dose-reduction-coefficient.html


At your risk.


This is not a medical advice.


Withdrawal from anything can be very dangerous and has to be taken very seriously. Consult a psychiatrist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychotherapist.


Love is needed.


See also next post.

Information on Benzodiazepine and a withdrawal method

At your risk, this post is not a medical advice:


What is written in this post has not been tried on Benzodiazepines.


Some information found by searching on Google with keywords: Tavor Benzodiazepine Instructions


(It can't be overemphasized that the medical industry is doing its best to inform the consumer. It is up to the consumer to read the instructions, side effects etc of any drug. Even for food.


The letters are small both on food packaging and drug instruction sheets as there is not much space. It is up to the consumer to use a magnifying glass, a blow up photocopying machine or printing the instructions or ingredients form the relevant internet downloaded files.)


https://www.benzo.org.uk/bzequiv.htm
https://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha02.htm#12


Would exponential gradual withdrawal work even better?


See also next and other posts:


If someone decides to withdraw from anything a top Phychologist or Psychotherapist should closely supervise.


Exponential reduction is done by finding a suitable number below 1, eg 0.95, 0.99. 0.898 etc the calculating the next day dose from the previous day dose by multiplying with this number.


It is like the invest of interest rate. We multiply every result by the same number but the number is below 1. So the interest like say what a country owes does not tend to infinity. It just tends to 0.

The number will differ from individual to individual and its value can be arranged so that withdrawal can take place in months or years.


A top quality psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, psychotherapist is needed.



Inverse exponential curves have the property that there is half time of dose. If for example the halftime (according to which number is used) is 1 year this means that:


If the initial dose is say 1mg:


Next year it will be 1/2mg


The following year 1/4mg


The following year 1/8mg


Etc


The advantage of multiplying each day rather than each say month by a number increases resolution so that the reduction dosage curve is a smooth inverse exponential one. With many small steps. A microgram measuring device may be used. Always consult your psychotherapist or psychologist.


Another property is that the slope is greatest the first day (although the dose reduction can be very small according to the number being used) and reduction becomes increasingly gradual as days, weeks, months, years pass.


Could this number be named dosage reduction coefficient?


This method has already been tried successfully with 2 individuals withdrawing from Entact, Escitalopram.


Would it work for long term benzo taking?


Would it work for other drug, alcohol, cigarettes etc?


In order to find the less than 1 multiplying number we take the τth root of 0.5 where τ is half time. For how this is derived see:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/how-is-dose-reduction-coefficient.html


At your risk. Always consult a top psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, physchotherapist.


Love is needed.


Withdrawal can be dangerous and has to taken very seriously.

Hello to Hellas and Germany

Moving iron microphone used on hearing aids

The headphone can also be moving iron. The impedance can more easily, less difficultly be higher since the coil is not the moving part.


For example the Philips 4 transistor model KL5500:
http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-19-1957_58-130.pdf


This seems to be the same principle as electric guitar pickups. The moving iron is the guitar string. Then a coil is would around a magnetic circuit from a permanent magnet.


See also moving iron or variable reluctance microphones:
https://sensorsandtransducers.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/the-moving-iron-variable-reluctance-microphone/

Hello to United States, Germany and Ukraine

A rule of thumb to protect our ears from headphones

is possibly to reduce the volume whenever we want to increase it.

Why do black keys sound so different?

For example:


Waiting for a girl like you - Foreigner


New York - Alicia Keys


Against all odds - Phil Collins


Moonlight Sonata - Beethoven


Monnlight Shadow - Mike Oldfield


Is it because for example on the Foreigner ballad example the listener's brain does not recognize the note? Is it an A or B an A sharp bass or a B flat bass? Is the song written in A or B, A sharp minor or B flat minor?


Is it a grey zone effect?


The gray zone is loved by women - Michalis


Perhaps not only by women.

A modern hearing aid may have 45 million transistors

Further reading:


Phonak Audeo: RIC solutions - RaDora Dinnan
https://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/phonak-aud-195-169-o-13197

Can falls of middle aged people be induced by stress relief drugs?

Your own risk. This is not a medical advice.


Everything on this post may be wrong.


Do your own search. For example the Wikipedia article on Benzodiazepines etc.


If there any side effects it is not a blame of the medical inductry. There warn of everything they can on the instructions that almost nobody reads.

An ingenious use of bass and code 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 in music

(Continued from)
http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-rule-of-thumb-in-music-learning.html


An example is the brilliant song:


I've been waiting for a girl like you - Foreigner


At intro the bass stays the same and the code is:


A
A246
Therefore played:
A bass and A C E
A bass and G B D
(The corect sharps should be added according to the key used)


Then at the point were the choir enters the opposite seems to take place.
The right hand plays the same notes and the bass moves up down one step. Most or all of the 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 notes above bass are taken giving an out of this world cluster effect. All notes A B C D E F G seem to be played together. Note many of the notes are sharp, mostly black keys as the scale is A sharp minor.


Usually choice voices are played by the mixing desk on such ingenious music. One choir note at each fader. It may be the case too with this song.


For mixing desk played choir see also [Cunningham]:


I am not in love - 10cc


Souvenir - OMD


(See relevant artists producer's interviews or previous euroelectron posts).



Reference: Good Vibrations - Cunningham

Hello to France and Netherlands

Heredity, stupidity, medication Illness and religion ?

At your own risk, this is not a medical advice.


Everything about this post may be wrong but here are some questions.


Someone becomes diabetic. Is the cause inheritage of the illness or inheriting of the not very clever habit to eat sugar or white flour spaghetti, bread, beverages etc?


Someone who starts to have hearing problems wheras the identical twin does not. Is it inherited or produced by taking years a stress relief drug for getting to sleep?


Do certain drugs affect certain DNA ie certain individuals more?


Can we say we inherit an illness from a medication?


Are too violent parents or parents with quick change of temper made this way by a so called naive stress relief, tranquilizer, pill to get to bed etc?


What does religion have to do with it? Pain inviting religion?


It is neither the fault of religion or the medical industry. They are doing their job the best they can.


For example the medical inductry gives drug instructions and cautions that so few people read.



Same with constacts that one has not read.


It is up to the individual to make the informed choice.


God makes are free to choose.


Free to learn.


Free to decide.


Free to love ourselves and loving others.

The rule of thumb in music learning - Το μεγάλο σκονάκι στην εκμάθηση της μουσικής

This is how we can derive possibly all chords without having to remember anything.


We start with bass.


C or Do for example.


The default 1 3 5 rule gives the chord:
Do Mi Sol


If we extend this to 1 3 5 7:
Do Mi Sol Si


If we the extend as much as we can ie 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 (note the numbers are seven):
Do Mi Sol Si Re Fa La (all types of chords spring from this), we write:
Do 3 5 7 9 4 6 as Fa is the 4th note from Do and La the 6th


In order to learn all ingredients in music we do the same for all bass notes:


Re Fa La Do Mi Sol Si


Mi Sol Si Re Fa La Do


Etc


Whether a nite will be sharp or flat will depend on the scale used.


We do not have to use all ingredients. Usually 2 or 3 give the most profound, magical and a ethereal result.


For example:


Re6 (means bass D, the 6th Si, and the usually taken 3rd Fa)
Mi7 (means bass E, the 7th Re and the usually taken 3rd sol)
La79 (means bass La, the 7th Sol, the 9th Si, 3rd and 5th also taken)
From the beginning of Qui Tolis - Mass in B minor - Bach


Make Shure to only F# as the scale is B minor.


Other examples:


California girls - Beach Boys:
Si means bass Si and 135 or Si Re Fa


Si246 means Bass Si and Do Mi La


Make Shure to play C#, D#, F# as the scale is B major


See also:


http://euroelectron.blogspot.com/2018/08/an-ingenious-us-of-bass-and-code-1-3-5.html

Learning how to hear the bass notes

It is not easy.


A piano helps playing on the left side of the keyboard along with listing to a reproduced musical composition.


Trial and error seems a good way.


It is difficult to begin with a song such as Just Hold Me - Maria Mena


More easy to begin, songs or musical compositions are:


Just 4 bass notes throughout:


With or without you - U2


Just 8 notes throughout:


Canon in D - Pachebel


Bass is the basis or foundation (Βασις) of music and all harmony (chords) springs from it [Bach].


Reference, further reading:


Bach Bass Rules:


https://normanschmidt.net/scores/bachjs-general_bass_rules.pdf

Philips hearing aids have nothing to hide

Always consult a professional knowledgeable hearing professional.


At your own risk. Always protect your ears and hearing. Damage can be irreversible.


This is for study.


Schematics (circuit diagrams) of descrete transistor including Behind the ear (BTE), electron tube (electronic valve) types can be found in the brilliant Philps Technical Review.


Many of these scientific papers are written by P.  Blom.


Examples:


Electron tube hearing aid schematic and description:
http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-15-1953_54-037.pdf


Transistor hearing aid schematic and description:
http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-19-1957_58-130.pdf


Behind the ear hearing aid descrete transistor schematic and description:
http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-27-1966_67-258.pdf


How would these brilliant few components designs in class A (electrons flowing all the time) sound like as recording studio quality microphone preamplifiers?


For example used with mic input transforms on world class omnidirectional Sennheiser microphones etc. Using an output transformer for low impedance balanced out etc...

Οπου πόνος και θρησκεία, Pain invites religion

By Tsakmakian

Hello to Hellas and the United States

Imaginary PhD thesis

Comparing analog to digital in various communities


There are a few audio communities and for a reason they possibly agree on the following: analog sounds real, digital is new.


For example:


The hi-fi sound reproduction community.


The music industry studio sound production community.


The hearing aid user, honest seller community.


The guitar player, honest seller amplification community.


The synthesizer community.


Motion sound picture?


A classic paper concentrating on analog is:


Tubes vs transistors vs (op amps), is there an audible difference? - Russel O. Hamm - JAES


Of course much can be read in community forums comparing analog to digital.


Are there scientific-engineering-psychoacoustics papers directly comparing analog to digital?


The consumer is always right.

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